Benstonite : Description and occurrence, Synthesis, History, Further reading Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Benstonite

Ba,Ca,Mg-mixed carbonate mineral

(repeating unit)Ba₆Ca₆Mg(CO₃)₁₃^[1]IMA symbolBen^[2]Strunz classification5.AB.55Dana classification14.2.3.1Crystal systemTrigonalCrystal classRhombohedral (3)
H-M group: (3)Space groupR3Unit cella = 18.280 Å, c = 8.652 Å; Z = 3IdentificationColorSnow-white, ivory, very pale yellow, pale yellowish brown^[3]CleavageGood on {3142}^[3]Mohs scale hardness3–4LusterVitreousStreakWhiteDiaphaneityTranslucentOptical propertiesUniaxial (−)Refractive indexn_ω = 1.690 n_ε = 1.527Birefringenceδ = 0.163Ultraviolet fluorescenceRed or yellow under UV and X-rays^[3]References^[4]

Benstonite is a mineral with formula Ba₆Ca₆Mg(CO₃)₁₃.^[1] Discovered in 1954, the mineral was described in 1961 and named after Orlando J. Benston (1901–1966).

Description and occurrence

Benstonite is translucent and white, pale yellow, or pale yellow-brown in color.^[3] The mineral occurs as cleavable masses; cleavage fragments are nearly perfectly rhombohedral in shape. Cleavage faces are up to 1 cm (0.39 in) across and slightly curved. On large specimens, the faces exhibit a mosaic structure similar to that in some specimens of dolomite and siderite.^[5] Benstonite fluoresces red or yellow under x-rays and longwave and shortwave ultraviolet. The mineral also exhibits strong red phosphorescence.^[3]

Benstonite is known to occur in Canada, China, India, Italy, Namibia, Russia, Sweden, and the United States.^[4] It occurs in association with alstonite, barite, barytocalcite, calcite, daqingshanite, fluorite, huntite, monazite, phlogopite, pyrite, sphalerite, strontianite, and quartz.^[3]

Synthesis

The mineral was first synthesized in 1973 during a study of the Ba-Mg-Ca-CO₃ system in aqueous solution. At room temperature, a solution containing proportional quantities of magnesium chloride, barium chloride, and calcium chloride was prepared, to which sodium carbonate was added. The solution immediately precipitated, and after sitting for two weeks, the precipitate was identified as nearly pure benstonite.^[6]

History

Orlando J. Benston^[4] of Malvern, Arkansas, visited a barite mine near the Magnet Cove igneous complex on New Year's Eve, 1954. He collected samples of a mineral that he guessed might be alstonite or barytocalcite on the basis of qualitative tests.^[7] Friedrich Lippmann identified it as a new mineral and described it in the journal Naturwissenschaften in 1961.^[8] He named it Benstonite in honor of Benston.^[5]

Type specimens are held at Victor Goldschmidt University in Germany and the National Museum of Natural History in the United States.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b "The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress – Update: November 2012" (PDF). Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification. International Mineralogical Association. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (eds.). "Benstonite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Chantilly, VA: Mineralogical Society of America.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Benstonite". Mindat. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Lippmann 1962, p. 586.
^ Hood & Steidl 1973, p. 341.
^ Lippmann 1962, pp. 585–586.
^ Fleischer, Michael (November–December 1961). "New mineral names" (PDF). The American Mineralogist. 46 (11–12): 1517.

Bibliography

Hood, William C.; Steidl, Peter F. (March–April 1973). "Synthesis of Benstonite at Room Temperature" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 58 (3–4): 341–342.
Lippmann, Friedrich (May–June 1962). "Benstonite, Ca₇Ba₆(CO₃)₁₃, a new Mineral from the Barite Deposit in Hot Spring County, Arkansas" (PDF). The American Mineralogist. 47 (5–6): 585–598.