Summit rat
Species of rodent
| Summit rat | |
|---|---|
 | |
| on a pitcher of Nepenthes rajah | |
Conservation status | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Genus: | Rattus |
| Species: | R. baluensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Rattus baluensis (Thomas, 1894) | |
The summit rat (Rattus baluensis) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found only on Mount Kinabalu and Mount Tambuyukon,[2] Malaysia, and has been recorded at altitudes of 2,040 to 2,477 m on Mt. Tambuyukon and 2,670 to 3,426 m on Mt. Kinabalu.[1][3] They are most abundant in higher altitude dwarf forest and montane scrubland.[4] The rat populations from these two peaks were connected in the Holocene. However, nowadays they are genetically isolated despite being 18 km apart.[5] With current predictions of Global warming, the suitable habitat for Rattus baluensis is expected to shift around 500 m upwards. This will put the population in Mount Tambuyukon at risk. However, the population in Mount Kinabalu will likely survive in its upper slopes.[5] Genetic analysis situate its origin in a local population of Rattus tiomanicus from northern Borneo at around 300-400 thousand years ago.[3]
The summit rat has a mutualistic relationship with a species of giant pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah. Like the treeshrew Tupaia montana, it defecates into the plant's traps while visiting them to feed on sweet, fruity secretions from glands on the pitcher lids.[6][7]
References
- ^ a b Aplin, K. (2016). "Rattus baluensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19323A22443731. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19323A22443731.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ Camacho-Sanchez M*, Hawkins MTR*, Tuh Yit Yuh F, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA. 2019. Endemism and diversity of small mammals along two neighboring Bornean mountains. PeerJ 7:e7858 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7858
- ^ a b Camacho-Sanchez, Miguel; Leonard, Jennifer A. (2020). "Mitogenomes Reveal Multiple Colonization of Mountains by Rattus in Sundaland". Journal of Heredity. 111 (4): 392–404. doi:10.1093/jhered/esaa014. PMC 7423070. PMID 32485737.
- ^ Camacho-Sanchez, Miguel; Quintanilla, Irene; Hawkins, Melissa T. R.; Tuh, Fred Y. Y.; Wells, Konstans; Maldonado, Jesus E.; Leonard, Jennifer A. (2018-04-26). "Interglacial refugia on tropical mountains: Novel insights from the summit rat (Rattus baluensis), a Borneo mountain endemic". Diversity and Distributions. 24 (9): 1252–1266. doi:10.1111/ddi.12761. ISSN 1366-9516.
- ^ a b Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Irene Quintanilla, Melissa T. R. Hawkins, Fred Y. Y. Tuh, Konstans Wells, Jesus E. Maldonado and Jennifer A. Leonard. 2018. "Interglacial refugia on tropical mountains: novel insights from the summit rat (Rattus baluensis), a Borneo mountain endemic". Diversity and Distributions, 24: 1252-1266. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12761
- ^ Greenwood, M., C. Clarke, C.C. Lee, A. Gunsalam & R.H. Clarke 2011. A unique resource mutualism between the giant Bornean pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, and members of a small mammal community. PLoS ONE 6(6): e21114. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021114
- ^ Wells, K., M.B. Lakim, S. Schulz & M. Ayasse 2011. Pitchers of Nepenthes rajah collect faecal droppings from both diurnal and nocturnal small mammals and emit fruity odour. Journal of Tropical Ecology 27(4): 347–353. doi:10.1017/S0266467411000162
- Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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Extant species of subfamily Murinae (Rattus)
- Luzon broad-toothed rat (A. latidens)
(Bandicoot rats)
- Lesser bandicoot rat (B. bengalensis)
- Greater bandicoot rat (B. indica)
- Savile's bandicoot rat (B. savilei)
(White-toothed rats)
- Small white-toothed rat (B. berdmorei)
- Bower's white-toothed rat (B. bowersi)
- Kenneth's white-toothed rat (B. mackenziei)
- Manipur white-toothed rat (B. manipulus)
- Bagobo rat (B. bagobus)
- Camiguin forest rat (B. gamay)
- Lagre Luzon forest rat (B. luzonicus)
- Andrew's hill rat (B. andrewsi)
- Yellow-haired hill rat (B. chrysocomus)
- Heavenly hill rat (B. coelestis)
- Fraternal hill rat (B. fratrorum)
- Karoko hill rat (B. karokophilus)
- Inland hill rat (B. penitus)
- Long-headed hill rat (B. prolatus)
- Tana Toraja hill rat (B. torajae)
- Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat (D. legatus)
- Sody's tree rat (K. sodyi)
- Komodo rat (K. rintjanus)
- Gray-bellied mountain rat (L. bryophilus)
- Mindanao mountain rat (L. sibuanus)
- Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat (N. bunnii)
- Short-tailed bandicoot rat (N. indica)
- Ceram rat (N. ceramicus)
- Palawan soft-furred mountain rat (P. furvus)
- Flores giant rat (P. armandvillei)
- Sulawesi giant rat (P. dominator)
- Flores long-nosed rat (P. naso)
(Typical rats)
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(Giant Sunda rats)
- Annandale's rat (S. annandalei)
- Mountain giant Sunda rat (S. infraluteus)
- Bartels's rat (S. maxi)
- Müller's giant Sunda rat (S. muelleri)
- Salokko rat (T. arcuatus)
- Lovely-haired rat (T. callitrichus)
- Celebes rat (T. celebensis)
- Sulawesi montane rat (T. hamatus)
- Small-eared rat (T. microbullatus)
- Sulawesi forest rat (T. punicans)
- Tondano rat (T. taerae)
- Long-footed rat (T. apoensis)
- Spiny long-footed rat (T. echinatus)
- Luzon short-nosed rat (T. adustus)
- See also
- Aethomys–Chrotomys
- Colomys–Golunda
- Hadromys–Maxomys
- Melasmothrix–Mus
- Oenomys–Pithecheir
- Pogonomys–Pseudomys
- Stenocephalomys–Xeromys
- Otomys
- Others
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