Whitney immersion theorem

In differential topology, the Whitney immersion theorem (named after Hassler Whitney) states that for ${\displaystyle m>1}$, any smooth ${\displaystyle m}$-dimensional manifold (required also to be Hausdorff and second-countable) has a one-to-one immersion in Euclidean ${\displaystyle 2m}$-space, and a (not necessarily one-to-one) immersion in ${\displaystyle (2m-1)}$-space. Similarly, every smooth ${\displaystyle m}$-dimensional manifold can be immersed in the ${\displaystyle 2m-1}$-dimensional sphere (this removes the ${\displaystyle m>1}$ constraint).

The weak version, for ${\displaystyle 2m+1}$, is due to transversality (general position, dimension counting): two m-dimensional manifolds in ${\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{2m}}$ intersect generically in a 0-dimensional space.

Further results

William S. Massey (Massey 1960) went on to prove that every n-dimensional manifold is cobordant to a manifold that immerses in ${\displaystyle S^{2n-a(n)}}$ where ${\displaystyle a(n)}$ is the number of 1's that appear in the binary expansion of ${\displaystyle n}$. In the same paper, Massey proved that for every n there is manifold (which happens to be a product of real projective spaces) that does not immerse in ${\displaystyle S^{2n-1-a(n)}}$.

The conjecture that every n-manifold immerses in ${\displaystyle S^{2n-a(n)}}$ became known as the immersion conjecture. This conjecture was eventually solved in the affirmative by Ralph Cohen (1985).

See also

• Whitney embedding theorem

References

• Cohen, Ralph L. (1985). "The immersion conjecture for differentiable manifolds". Annals of Mathematics. 122 (2): 237–328. doi:10.2307/1971304. JSTOR 1971304. MR 0808220.
• Massey, William S. (1960). "On the Stiefel-Whitney classes of a manifold". American Journal of Mathematics. 82 (1): 92–102. doi:10.2307/2372878. JSTOR 2372878. MR 0111053.

External links

• Giansiracusa, Jeffrey (2003). Stiefel-Whitney Characteristic Classes and the Immersion Conjecture (PDF) (Thesis). (Exposition of Cohen's work)