Šaktizam

Šaktizam je hinduistička tradicija s fokusom na boginji.[1][2]

Šaktizam (Sanskrit: Śāktaḥ, doslovno „doktrina energije, moći, večne Boginje”) jedna je od glavnih tradicija hinduizma, pri čemu se metafizička stvarnost metaforički smatra ženskom, a Adi Parašakti vrhovnim. To uključuje razne Boginje, sve smatrane aspektima iste vrhovne Boginje.[1][3] Šaktizam ima različite podtradicije, u rasponu od onih usredsređenih na milostivog Parvatija do žestoke Kali, a neke šaktijske podtradicije povezuju svoju Boginju sa Šivom ili Brahmom ili Višnuom.[4][5]

Hinduistički tekstovi Šruti i Smriti važan su istorijski okvir tradicije šaktizma. Pored toga, šaktizam poštuje tekstove Devi Mahatmija, Devi-Bagavata Purana, Mahabagvata Purana i Šakta Upanišade kao što je Devi Upanišad.[6] Posebno se smatra da je Devi Mahatmija u šaktizmu podjednako važan kao i Bagavad Gita.[7]

Šaktizam je poznat po različitim podtradicijama Tantre,[8] kao i po galaksiji Boginja sa odgovarajućim sistemima. Sastoji se od Vidijapita i Kulamarga. Panteon Boginje u šaktizmu narastao je nakon pada budizma u Indiji, gde su hinduističke i budističke boginje kombinovane da bi postale Mahavidija, spisak od deset Boginja.[9] Najčešći aspekti Devija koji su pronađeni u šaktizmu uključuju Durgu, Kali, Amba, Sarasvati, Lakšmi, Parvati i Tripurasundari.[3] Tradicija orijentisana prema boginji posebno je popularna u Zapadnom Bengalu, Odiši, Asamu, Tripuri, Kumaonu, Mitili (Severni Bihar) i Nepalu i susednim regionima koje je proslavljaju kroz festivale kao što je Durga Puja.[4] Ideje šaktizma uticale su na višnuizam i tradiciju šivizma, pri čemu se Boginjom smatra Šakti od Višnu i Šive respektivno, a odaje joj se počast prevashodno u mnogim hinduističkim hramovima i festivalima.[2]

Reference

  1. ^ а б Klaus K. Klostermaier (2010). Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. стр. 30, 114—116, 233—245. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3. 
  2. ^ а б Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, стр. 174—176, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0 
  3. ^ а б J. Gordon Melton; Baumann, Martin (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. стр. 2600—2602. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. 
  4. ^ а б Shaktism, Encyclopædia Britannica (2015)
  5. ^ Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (2008). Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. стр. 254—256. ISBN 978-1-85109-980-1. 
  6. ^ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James (2014). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. стр. 399. ISBN 978-0816054589. 
  7. ^ Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. стр. 193. ISBN 978-3447025225. 
  8. ^ Katherine Anne Harper; Brown, Robert L. (2012). The Roots of Tantra. State University of New York Press. стр. 48, 117, 40—53. ISBN 978-0-7914-8890-4. 
  9. ^ Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Literature." Архивирано 2016-03-04 на сајту Wayback Machine Journal of Indological Studies (Kyoto), Nos. 24 & 25 (2012–2013), 2014, pp. 80.

Literatura

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  • Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1977) [1970]. The Indian Mother Goddess (2nd изд.). New Delhi: South Asia Books. 
  • Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1990). The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-07569-3. 
  • Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992). Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Shakta Tantrism in South India. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1146-9. 
  • Brown, C. MacKenzie (1991). The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Issues of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana. SUNY Series in Hindu Studies. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0364-8. 
  • Brown, C. Mackenzie (1998). The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation and Commentary. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3940-1. 
  • Dasgupta, S (1996). Journal of the Indian Musicological Society. 27–28. Indian Musicological Society. 
  • Dempsey, Corinne G. (2006). The Goddess Lives in Upstate New York: Breaking Convention and Making Home at a North American Hindu TempleНеопходна слободна регистрација. New York: Oxford University Press. 
  • Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1999) [1942]. The Lalita Cult. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 
  • Fell McDermett, Rachel (1998). „The Western Kali”. Ур.: Hawley, John; Wulff, Donna Marie. Devi: Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1491-2. 
  • Hawley, John Stratton (1998). „The Goddess in India”. Ур.: Hawley, John; Wulff, Donna Marie. Devi: Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1491-2. 
  • Joshi, M. C. (2002). „Historical and Iconographical Aspects of Shakta Tantrism”. Ур.: Harper, Katherine; Brown, Robert L. The Roots of Tantra. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5305-6. 
  • Kali, Davadatta (2003). In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning. Berwick, ME: Nicolas-Hays, Inc. 
  • Kapoor, Subodh (2002) [1925]. A Short Introduction to Sakta Philosophy. New Delhi: Indigo Books. 
  • Kinsley, David (1987). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0394-7. 
  • Kinsley, David (1998). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1523-0. 
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  • McDaniel, June (n.d). „Bengali Shakta”. Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg, Inc. 
  • Nikhilananda, Swami (2000) [1942]. The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna (9th изд.). New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center. 
  • Pattanaik, Devdutt (2000). Devi the Mother-Goddess: An Introduction. Mumbai: Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd. 
  • Pechilis, Karen (2004). The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. 
  • Subramuniyaswami, Satguru Sivaya (2002) [1999]. Merging with Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Metaphysics (2nd изд.). Hawaii: Himalayan Academy. ISBN 978-0-945497-99-8. 
  • White, David Gordon (2003). Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian Contexts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89483-6. 
  • Woodroffe, Sir John (1951) [1927]. Sakti and Sakta: Essays and Addresses on the Shâkta Tantrashâstra. Ganesh & Company. ISBN 978-1-60620-145-9. 
  • Yadav, Neeta (2001). Ardhanārīśvara in Art and Literature. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd. 
  • Foulston, Lynn; Abbott, Stuart (2009). Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-902210-43-8. 
  • Bolon, Carol Radcliffe (1992). Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press. 
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  • Johnsen, Linda (2002). The Living Goddess: Reclaiming the Tradition of the Mother of the Universe. Yes International. ISBN 978-0-936663-28-9. 
  • Joshi, L. M. (1998). Lalita Sahasranama: A Comprehensive Study of the One Thousand Names of Lalita Maha-tripurasundari. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd. 
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  • Cheever Mackenzie Brown (1998). The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3939-5. 
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  • McDaniel, June (2004). Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534713-5. 
  • Jyotir Maya Nanda (1994). Mysticism of the Devi Mahatmya Worship of the Divine Mother. South Miami, Fla: Yoga Research Foundation. ISBN 978-0-934664-58-5. 
  • Pintchman, Tracy (2005). Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6595-0. 
  • Pintchman, Tracy (2014). Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-9049-5. 
  • Pintchman, Tracy (2015). The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1618-2. 
  • Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447025225. 
  • Sarma, S. A. (2001). Kena Upanisad: A Study From Sakta Perspective. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 
  • Shankarnarayanan, S. (2002b) [1971]. Sri Chakra (4th изд.). Chennai: Samata Books. 
  • Smith, Frederick M. (2006). The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13748-5. 
  • Suryanarayana Murthy, C. (2000) [1962]. Sri Lalita Sahasranama with Introduction and Commentary. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 
  • Urban, Hugh B. (2003). Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics and Power in the Study of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93689-8. 
  • Winternitz, M. (1973) [1927]. History of Indian Literature. New Delhi. 

Spoljašnje veze

Šaktizam na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica, "Shaktism"
  • The Sakta Traditions, The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies
  • Devi, The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution
  • The Portrait of the Goddess in the Devī-māhātmya, David Kinsley (1978)
  • The Indian Religion of the Goddess Shakti, Hans Koester (1929)
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